Engineering service
Power System & Protection Studies
Network and system studies that support substation, renewable, pooling, storage and HVDC design: load flow, short-circuit, insulation coordination, harmonics, transients, protection coordination, reactive power and grid interconnection. Each is offered on a stated basis.
Studies and their basis
“Prepared” means we carry out the study. “Prepared or reviewed” means either, depending on the contract. Where specialist or OEM input is needed, the proposal says so. Anything not listed here is confirmed at enquiry before it is offered.
| Study | Question it answers | Typical inputs | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Load Flow / Power Flow Study | Do voltages, loading and reactive flows meet requirements in the operating cases? | Network model, operating cases, generation and load data | Prepared or reviewed, by scope |
| Short-Circuit / Fault Level Study | What fault currents must equipment withstand and protection detect? | Grid data, network impedances | Prepared or reviewed, by scope |
| Insulation Coordination Study | Are arrester ratings and equipment withstand levels coordinated? | System voltages, arrester and equipment data | Prepared or reviewed, by scope |
| Harmonic Analysis / Harmonic Load Flow Study | Are distortion limits met, and is a filter needed? | Emission data, network impedance, limits | By scope, with specialist input where needed |
| VFTO Study for GIS | What very fast transient overvoltages can switching create in GIS? Different from a lightning study. | GIS layout and supplier data, switching cases | Where appropriate, and only when models and specialist input are available; confirmed at enquiry |
| Switching Transient / Transient Overvoltage Study | What overvoltages do switching operations cause, and are the margins adequate? | Detailed network and equipment models, switching cases | Where required, as applicable to the contracted scope |
| Protection Coordination / Selectivity Study | Do protection devices discriminate correctly for faults and overloads? | Network model, relay and CT data | Prepared or reviewed, by scope. Relay setting sheets follow from it |
| Reactive Power Compensation / Voltage Regulation Study | How much compensation keeps voltage and power factor in range? | Network model, capability curves, grid-code limits | When applicable, by scope |
| Grid Interconnection / Grid Connectivity Study | Can a renewable plant, pooling substation or BESS connect at the chosen point and voltage? | Plant and grid data, connection approval, grid-code requirements | Renewable, pooling and BESS, as contracted |
Kept separate on purpose
Design calculations and line calculations are not network studies.
Electrical design calculations
Earthing grid design, DSLP, busbar sizing, sag–tension and short-circuit force, battery, cable and illumination calculations, and relay setting calculations are design calculations, not network studies.
Transmission line sag–tension
Conductor sag–tension and stringing charts for overhead lines are line calculations and are kept on the transmission page.
Relay setting sheets
Setting sheets are the deliverable that follows from a protection coordination study. They are listed with the design calculations, so they are not counted as a second network study.
How a study is carried out
Data
System and equipment data are collected from the client and suppliers, with gaps listed and assumptions agreed.
Model and cases
The model and the study cases are set out before results are produced, so the client can confirm the scenarios.
Results
Results are compared with the project’s acceptance limits, and any non-compliance is stated plainly.
Design decisions
Recommendations go back into the design: equipment ratings, filters, protection settings inputs or layout.
Software and what it is used for
| Software | Typical use |
|---|---|
| SES‑CDEGS | Earthing and grounding analysis: GPR, step and touch potentials (specialist earth-system analysis) |
| ETAP | Load flow, short-circuit and protection coordination studies, using the modules available for the contract |
| PSCAD/EMTDC | Electromagnetic transient studies (for example switching or GIS VFTO), only where models and specialist input are available |
| PLS-CADD | Overhead line profiling, tower spotting, sag–tension and stringing charts (not substation busbar SCF) |
| STAAD.Pro | Structural analysis and design |
| DIALux evo | Indoor and outdoor illumination calculation and layout |
| AutoCAD | Electrical and civil drawings |
These programs are named in the company profile as working tools. Their availability and the modules used on a given contract, the model data and any specialist input are confirmed at enquiry; the client’s specification decides when a particular program or version is required.
Product names belong to their owners. Listing them describes working tools; it is not an endorsement or a partnership.
Related
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