Engineering service
Engineering Studies & Calculations
Earthing and lightning protection, short circuit, load flow, insulation coordination, harmonic and other studies that support substation, renewable, storage, line and HVDC design. Each study is offered on a stated basis.
Studies and their basis
“Prepared” means we carry out the study. “Prepared or reviewed” means either, depending on the contract. Where specialist or OEM input is needed, we say so in the proposal.
| Study | Question it answers | Typical inputs | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Earthing (GPR, step and touch) | Is the earth grid safe for the specified fault? | Soil resistivity, fault current and duration, layout | Prepared, including SES-CDEGS for complex soil |
| Direct stroke lightning protection | Are equipment and buses shielded? | Layout, heights, shielding method | Prepared |
| Busbar short-circuit forces and sag-tension | What loads reach structures and terminals? | Fault level, spans, conductor data | Prepared |
| Short-circuit study | What fault currents must equipment withstand? | Grid data, network impedances | Prepared or reviewed, by scope |
| Load flow and reactive power | Do voltages, loading and reactive capability meet requirements? | Network model, operating cases, capability data | Prepared or reviewed, by scope |
| Insulation coordination | Are arresters and withstand levels coordinated? | System voltages, arrester and equipment data | Prepared or reviewed, by scope |
| Harmonic analysis | Are distortion limits met; is a filter needed? | Emission data, network impedance, limits | By scope, with specialist input where needed |
| Neutral grounding resistor sizing | What NGR rating does the reactor or transformer need? | Fault current, duration, equipment data | Prepared |
| Battery, charger and cable sizing | Are auxiliary systems adequate? | Load lists, duty cycles, routes | Prepared |
| Illumination | Do lighting levels meet the criteria? | Lux criteria, photometric data | Prepared |
| Line conductor, losses and corona | Which conductor suits the transfer and climate? | Power transfer, voltage, climatic data | Prepared |
| HVDC converter-related studies | Insulation coordination, harmonics, control and protection | OEM design data, system data | Review and coordination with the OEM |
| Electromagnetic transient studies | Switching and transient behaviour | Detailed models and data | Case by case, confirmed at enquiry |
How a study is carried out
Data
System and equipment data are collected from the client and suppliers, with gaps listed and assumptions agreed.
Model and cases
The model and the study cases are set out before results are produced, so the client can confirm the scenarios.
Results
Results are compared with the project’s acceptance limits, and any non-compliance is stated plainly.
Design decisions
Recommendations go back into the design: grid layout, equipment ratings, filters or settings inputs.
Tools
Studies are carried out with tools suited to the work, including SES-CDEGS for earthing, ETAP for power system studies and PSCAD for transient simulation where a study needs it. The client’s specification decides when a particular program or version is required.
Related
Share your SLD, technical specification or MDL for an engineering proposal
Send us the tender extract, single-line diagram, master deliverable list or the specific calculation you need. We will confirm scope, inputs and a realistic submission sequence before any work starts.